Germany Sim Group Page

The Ottoman Empire in Decline
Introduction Notes from Book outline
A. common problems
-Military weakness, vulnerability to foreign threats
-Internal weakness due to economic problems, financial difficulties, and corruption
B. Reform efforts
-Attempts at political and educational reform and at industrialization
-Turned to Western models
C. Different results fo reforms
-Ottoman empire, Russia, and China unsuccessful: societies on the verge of collapse
-Reform in Japan was more thorough and emerged as an industrial power

The Nature of Decline
1. Military Decline: humiliating defeats and loss of Janissary Corps and they were ignoring new technologies= Vulnerable to powerful neighbors
  1. less effective central government (central state lacked revenue due to independent ruler pursuing own interests)
  2. Territorial Losses- maintaine3d hold of only Anatolia and Iraq (lost Egypt after chaos after Napoleon's invasion)
    1. Muhammad Ali took Egypt from Ottoma ns and threatened to capture Istanbul
  3. Economic Problems- trade declined because the Ottoman middle men were eliminated and European trade shifted to the Atlantic Ocean basin
    1. pressure on craftsmen and artisan becvause European producers were more efficient and cheaper (competition)
    2. Dependent of foreign lans
    3. high interest payments
  4. The capitulations- Europe had several advantages over the Ottoman empire
    1. Europeans were exempt form laws, and Europeans set up tax exept banks and commercial enterprises
    2. Taxes were imposed on the Ottoman people
  5. Reform and Reorganization
    1. Reform= response to crisis among Ottomans
      1. Began as early as the 17th century
      2. Sultan sought to limit taxation, increase agricultural production, and end official corruption
      3. 18th century- by Sultan Selim 111- redesigned the army (elite Janissary Corps revolted)
    2. The Reforms of Mahmud 11 (Sultan- only male of the dynasty not killed by Janissary)
      1. Restore traditional military (still conflicted with Janissary)
      2. Remodled Ottoman institutions
        More effective army
        Taught European curricula
        Secondary education for boys to further education
        European style ministries, constructed new roads, built telegraph lines, inaugurated a postal service
        by his death, the empire had shrunk, but it was stronger
    3. Legal and Educational Reform (Tanzimat era (1839-1876) army was the principal target, but legal and educational reforms also occured
      1. Drew inspiration form enlightenmen ideas and constitutional foundations of western European states
      2. Attacked Ottoman law (in order to get Europeans on their side again) and used French legal system as a guide
      3. Educational Reform- 1846- education under supervision of state ministry of education (1869- the goal was free and compulsory primary education)
    4. opposition to the Tanzimat- reformers posed a thereat to the empire's islamic foundation (says religious conservatives
      1. muslims throught Christians and Jews shouldn't be equal
      2. Young Ottomans-some secular, some Islamic wanted freedom, local autonomy, and polical decentralization like the British system
      3. Higher level Bureaucrats wanted to impose checks on the sultan's power
    5. Young Turk Era
      1. 1876- bureaucrats demanded a constitutional government
      2. Abdul Hamid (sultan) approved of checks and balances, but them soon after, he suspended the constitution, executed people, punished liberals, and dissolved the parliament
      3. He then reformedthe army and administration, which became the opposition groups
      4. The Young turnks after 1889 actively opposed Abdul Hamid's changes
        Promoted reform, universal suffrage, equality before the law, freedom of religion, free public education, secularization of the state, adn emancipation fo women
        Forced Abdul Hamid to restore the parliament and constitution, then they dethroned him in 1909
        They also aggravated tensions between Turkish rulers and subject people outside the empire
      5. The Only reason the Ottoman empire survived was because European diplomats couldn't agree on how to defeat the empire without interrupting the European balance of power
The Russian Empire under Pressure
1. Military Derfeat and Social Reform
  1. 19th century- tsars ruoled a multiethnic, multilingual, multicultural empire with cruel serfdom
  2. The Crimean War demonstrated weakness and forced tsars to modernize army and industry
    1. Started becasue Russia expanded its boarders and eventually came to Balkan lands of the ottomans- the European forces supported the Ottomans
  3. Emancipation of the Serfs- source of rural instablility and peasant revolt and was an obstacle to economic development
    1. Key to socail reform was to tfree the serfs
    2. Serfs won freedom and gained opportunities to become landowners, but they won few political rights, and they had to pay a redemption tax for the lands they received
    3. resulted in little agricultural production
  4. Political and Legal Reform
    1. 1864- government created "zemstros"- district assembliesd to make decisions- all classes represented
      1. Weak, noblesd dominated, tsar could veto
    2. Judiciary System 1864 more effective, Juries, Independent judges, professional attorneys to handle different cases- based on western European models
2. Industrialization- way to strengthen RUssia
  1. Not based on western European Industrialization
    1. Witte System- created by Count Sergei Witte- minister of finance from 1892 to 1903- goal was to stimulate economic development
      1. Railway construction linked Russia, stimulated other industries (Trans- Siberian Railway)
      2. Remodled state bank and encouraged the establishment of savings banks
      3. Secured foreign loans and implemented taxes> developing steel and coal and petroleum industries
    2. Industrail Discontent Intensified
      1. Peasant and Industrial workers started strikes becvause they were unwilling to live the low standard of life that WItte started
      2. Working classes were overworked in hard conditions (again)
      3. Government outlawed strikes, but they still occured
      4. Business people happy with intensified industrialization
    3. Represison and Revolution
      1. Protest (1870s) antigovernment and revolutionary
        Peasants wanted land, political power, and effective change
        University students wanted social changes, socialism, and anarchism (very violent)
      2. Repression- government censored publications and sent secret police to infilrate and break up dissident organizations
        Only encouraged protestors
        Russification- banned use of languages other than RUssian, anti- Jew riots were tolerated
      3. Terrorism- tool of opposition
        Alexander 11 assassinated by bomb in 1881
        Nicholas 11 (took Alexander's spot after his death) more oppresive and conservative
      4. Russo- Japanese War (1904-1905) Russian expansion to east leads to conflict with Japan
      5. The Revolution of 1905- started because fo Russia losing Russo- Japanese War
        Bloody Sunday Massacre- workers arrived at tsar's palace and 130 were ikilled by government officials
        Peasants took landlord's property
        Urban workers made soviets on strike
        Nicholas had to create puma- Russia's first parliamentary institution: did not stop unrest
        Romanov dynasty declining

EW

The Chinese Empire Under Siege

reforms that Qing dynasty made = unsuccessful

The Opium War and Unequal Treaties

in 1759 Europeans traded only w/ cohongs (merchants w/ strict trading laws under chinese gov.)
- effect: Europeans trading w/ china was limited for Europeans at this time

1. Opium Trade

to get more $ the British East India Company used Turkish and Persian Experties to grow Opium in India
- trade for valuable Chinese Silver
- silver brought to to England -> traded in important Chinese city Guangzhou
trading Opium was illegal -> addicted Chinese did little to enforce
- Chinese lost lots of silver
Lin Zexu made strong effort to stop trade altogether (1839)
- his efforts ignited the Opium war
- happened b/c Brits were upset b/c of losing $ from the stop of the trade

2. The Opium War (1839-1842)

w/ powerful navy and more advanced land machines (guns, etc.)
- Chinese suffered big loss
- ended when British went for the Yangzi river -> Chinese called for peace b4 Grand Canal (linking Yangzi and Yellow)

3. Unequal Treaties

Treaties following several conflicts after the Opium War (that were unspecified) gave a lot of power to foreign countries in China
- Treaty of Nanjing was good for Britain mainly, but also many other European countries and the US and Japan
- by 1900 90% of the Chinese ports were not controlled by China

The Taiping Rebellion

lack of of land cultivation was hard on the massive pop. increase
- land was still in the hands of the wealthy
- this caused many rellions the most dangerous was the Taiping
- rebellion (18540-1864)

1. The Taiping (Great Peace) Program

Hong Xiuquan was main leader
wanted to end Qing rule, didn't like Manchus
wanted radical social change-> no footbinding concubinage, private property, free education (and more in that sense)
- Rebellion popular in Southeast China
- Seized Nanjing and made capital
- thought about capturing Beijing and Shanghi

2. Taiping Defeat

Qing and manchus and Foreign gov and armies overthrew
Hong Xiuquan committed suicide in 1864
- dynasty went downhill from there
that war was devastating to the Chinese pop.

Reform Frustrated

Qing wanted to become better at governing-> confucian rule to solve probs.

1. The Self-Strengthening Movement (1860-1895)

wanted to become more industrial like Europeans while still keeping the cultural Chinese ways
- "Chinese leaning at the base, Western learning for use"
- still was confucian
- chinese had a tough time embracing industry
Empress dowager Cixi opposed the change

2. Spheres of Influence

chinese lost land w/ the independence of
- French influence Vietnam
- Japan: Korea, Taiwan, Liaodong Peninsula
qing granted foreign powers use of railway systems

3. The Hundred Days Reforms

Confusian scholars Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao
- radical ideas-> modernize China
- Emporer Guangzu up for it, Cixi not
- Cixi made scholars flee from China

4. The boxer Rebellion (1899- 1900)

when boxers under Cixi's influence tried to rid Chinese Christians and Foreign powers
w/ help of Europeans, Boxers defeated
- Qing went bankrupt
- 1908 Cixi died-> 1912 was the end of the qing

The Transformation of Japan
From Tokugawa to Meiji
1. Crisis and Reform

crop failure, high taxes, rising rice prices = rebellions
bakufu tried to make conservative reforms
- Mizuno Tadakuni was shogun
- ended the $ probs

2. Foreign Pressure

made Japan much more open to Foreigners
- countries forced unequal treaties

3. End of Tokugawa Rule

ppl started to not like Shoguns, especially in provinces
- dissidents wanted there to to be no shogun or emporer

4. Meiji Restoration (1868)

civil war-> tokugawa armis defeated dissident militia
meiji / Mutsuhito regained authority
end of military rule in Japan

Meiji Reforms

wanted to be more westernized

1. Foreign Influences

Fukuzawa Yukichi studied western constituion and education
Ito Hirobumi helped build Japanese gov. to be more westernized

## THESE ARE NOW NOTES FROM WEBSITE + MY INPUT
1. abolition of Social order
  1. Daimyo and samurai lost status and privileges
  2. Districts reorganized to break up old feudal domains
  3. New conscript army ended power of samurai; rebelled in 1877 but lost
  4. wanted to centralized gov.
  5. afterwards, didn't fear military overthrow

CHAPTER 33

THE BUILDING OF GLOBAL EMPIRES

FOUNDATIONS OF EMPIRE
MOTIVES OF IMPERIALISM
Modern Imperialism

Proponents of empire in 19th century Europe created political, economic, and cultural arguments
They used these to justify conquest and control of foreign lands
Imperialism means the domination of mostly European powers over subjects in the larger world
Often arose from trade, investment, and business with other areas that lead to influence without total control

Modern Colonialism

This involved not just sending colonists to settle new lands
Colonists were also sent for political, social, economic, and cultural reasons
Large numbers of settlers werent even necessary in some areas
Many Europeans came to believe imperial expansion was crucial for survivial of their states/societies
Many merchants and entrepeneurs became very wealthy in the process also

Economic Motives of Imperialism

Imperialism was motivated by societal and individual economics
Colonies provided resources necessary in industrialization like rubber, tin, and ocpper
Proponents also claimed manufactured goods and migrants would flow back into colonies, this was not true however

Political Motives of Imperialism

Some colonies were valuable politically and militiarily
Some were on sea lanes, were harbors or supply stations
Imperialism also gave communists, socialists, and industrialists a common goal

Cultural Justifications of Imperialism

Religious justification was also prominent
Christian missionaries came to colonies and established settlements
Europeans also sought to introduce "civilization" to lands seen as uncivilized

TOOLS OF EMPIRE
Transportation Technologies

Most important were steamships and railroads
Steamships became larger, ironclad, faster, and more able to go up rivers
Construction of canals (Suez: 1859-1865 and Panama: 1904-1914) aided trransport
Railroads aided in overland travel after colonies were established

Military Technologies

Started with smoothbore muskets which were slow to load and inaccurate
Progressed to breech-loading rifles by 1870
Had rifled machine guns like the Maxim gun in the 1880s
Powerful weapons aided European militaries greatly

Communications Technologies

Steamships made oceanic communication much faster than sialing ships
Sailing ships took two years to get from Britian to India
Steamships with the Suez canal could do it in two weeks
Telegraph lines provided overland comm. from the 1830s
Telegraph lines through oceans began in 1850s, Cable lines linked Britain all over the world by 1902
Greatly increased message speed for military, economic, and political usage

EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM
THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA

Grew out of trade in India through East India Company
Got permission from Mughals to build fortified posts on Indian coastlines
Used these areas for trading posts and warehouses
Traded for pepper, cotton, silk. porcelain, and spices, also coffee and tea later

Company Rule

EIC took advantage of Mughal decline in 1750s
Used Indian troops called sepoys, led by British officers, to maintain control
Sepoys mutinied, revolted in 1857, had some victories early
British troops were sent to India, rebellion crushed by May 1758

British Imperial Rule

The EIC and Queen Victoria imposed direct cotrol over India
Built railroads, telegraphs, etc. to link India with global economy
Suppressed Indian customs such as sati

IMPERIALISM IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHEAST ASIA
The Great Game

The great game was the adventure of militaries and imperialists of Britain and Russia pursued influence in central/southeast Asia
explorers from both nations scouted and mapped vast areas for tactical reasons
The Spanish Phillipines and Dutch East Indies became valuable for resources
British gained control of Burma (Myanmar) and Singapore as a strategic port
French Indochina conssted of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos
By 1900, all of Southeast Asia but one country was under colonial/imperial control

SRAMBLE FOR AFRICA

Between 1875 and 1900, European imperial powers rushed to colonize almost all of Africa
Expeditions were based on travels of early explorers who recorded rivers and suitable mission locations
King Leopold of Belgium began to colonize Central Africa
Britain began to occupy and take over Egypt, partly to ensure Suez Canal's safety
Dutch EIC already had a foothold in South Africa, with Boers or Afrikaners (settlers)
Settlers fought with locals, decimated local populations
Many locals moved away from British controlled areas around Cape Colony and established their own free states
British miners then discovered precious gems and metals, fought with Boer settlers

Berlin Conference

Delegates from Europe and America (none from Africa) met in 1884-1885
set ground rules of African colonization of occupying only previously unclaimed areas
All of Africa but Ethiopia and Liberia were colonized by 1896

Systems of Colonial Rule

Earliest approach was concessionary companies, private companies wer given gov't grants
Companies basically ran colonization, but had to use brutal forced labor and returned little profit
Direct and indirect rule then came about
Direct rule was European officials in charge of administration
Direct rule had difficulty with local languages and shortage of personnel to administrate
Indirect rule was controlling people through already existing local structures
Was very erratic and confusing at times

J. Bauer

European Imperialism in the Pacific

In Australia and New Zealand they established political institutions
Other parts of the Pacific were mainly for commotities

Settler colonies in the Pacific

1770 Captian James Cook anchored at Botany Bay
1788 a British fleet established the colony of New South Wales
1851 Discovery of gold brought many people to Australia
Diseases devestated the indigenous population
Conflicts between Britain and Australia rose when land was being disputed
By the 1900s, Britain had succeded in placing the indigenous throughtout the continent
Britain also pressed New Zealand to sign the Treaty of Waitangi
- Was interpreted differently by each side
- Britain thught that it ment that they took New Zealand as a colony

The Emergence of New Imperial Powers
U.S. Imperialism

1823 President Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine
- Warned European Imperialism from happening in the western hemisphere
1867 U.S. purchased Alaska from Russia
1875 claimed protectorate over Hawaii for its sugarcane plantations
1893 Hawaiian Kingdom ended from a planter revolt, in which the U.S. acquired it
1898 Hawaii became a state

Spanish-Cuban-American War

Started after the U.S. Battleship Maine exploded
U.S. Easily defeated Spain and took control on Cuba and Puerto Rico
After beating the Spainish fleet again, they took Guam and the Philippines

The Panama Canal

Panama canal came from atlantic colonies wanting a path to trade with pacific colonis
U.S. supported rebellions in Columbia, and they helped make the state of Panama
U.S. received the right to build in Panama for supporting their rebellion
"Roosevelt Corollary" helped gain control for the U.S.
- Gain U.S. the right to intervene in domestic affairs in their side of the hemisphere
- Strengthened U.S.'s Military and economic claims

Imperial Japan

1870s Japan grabbed islands north and south of its mainland
1876 Bought modern warships from Japan
Began to gain control over Korea, and put same restrictions as the japanese were given by U.S. and Britain onto Korea

Sino-Japanese War

1876 treaty in Korea gave Japanese businesses a lot of profit
Rebellion in 1893 made Meiji leaders feared that it may become another countries land
China brought troops in Korea to restore order, Japan thought they wanted the land
1894 Japan declared war on China
Superior naval capabilities lead to Japan winning in 5 hours
The Japanese victory lead to startled european nations
Lead to tensions between Russia and Japan

Russo-Japanese War

War started in 1904
Superior naval capabilities lead to Japan winning in 1905
Japan gained Korea, and Liaodong peninsula from the war

Legacies of Imperialism
Empire and Economy

Main Motive for imperialism was desire to gain natural resources
Trade within colonies thought mostly helped hte colonies

Economic and Social Changes

Originally products were made for local use
At the time, the main Nations wanted the raw product mainly for export,
New crops were introduced in many areas
Increased demand for tea gained Britain and its colonies wealth

Labor Migrations

Came from Imperial and Colonial Powers wanting to eploit natural resources

European Migration

Between 1800 and 1914, 50 Million European migrants left home for oversees opprotunies
Most people left from relatively poor agricultural societies
about 32 Million went to teh U.S.
Originally went for cheap land
Later became workers to industrialization

Indentured Labor Migration

Most migrants from Asia, Africa and the Pacific's traveled as indentured servants
Between 1820 and 1914 2.5 Million indentured servants left homes to work in other parts of the world
Labor providers offered a free ride, items, shelter, food, and clothing to workers who committed to work for 5-7 years
Sometimes free return passages were also offered
Majority came from India
Indentured Laborer trade began in 1820 when French and British traders sent migrants to work on Sugar plantations
After the opium war, recruiters also went to China for workers
Many Chinese workers went ot sugar plantations in Cuba and Hawaii

Empire and Migration

European migrations were only possible because tehy had established settler socities in temperate regions
Movements of Indentured Laborers was possible because colonial officials were able to recruit workers where they needed them in pre-established plantations and mines
Effected the world by depositing large groups of people in lands far from their original land

Colonial Conflict

Policies adapted by imerial powers and officials forced people of different societies to deal with each other regularly
Sometimes leade to conflicts between colonizers and subjects
- sepoy rebellion is an example for India
Religion would appear as rebellions would draw strength from there
- Maji Maji Rebellion, rebels sprinkled "magic water" (maji maji) onto themselves, which they thought would protect from german weapons
Somtimes resisted by boycotts, publishing anticolonial newspapers, persuing anticolonial policies through religion
Different types of people also lead to conflicts in working areas
Tensions would rise between different groups of workers

Scientific Racism

Social differences were the basis for academic persuit known as scientific racism
Became prominent after the 1840s
Gobineaus's idea on Human Races
- 4 Main racial groups
  - Africans-unintelligent and lazy
  - Asians-smart and docile
  - Native Americans-dull and arrogant
  - Europeans-intelligent, noble and superior
They thought to identify groups based on their skin colour, body structure, and other physical characteristics
After the 1860s they drew heavly from Charles Darwins work
- survival of the fittest
- evolution happens over thousands of years
Better Indiviuals and races had competed better than and rest and they wre thought to be more evolved
Based domination of imperialism as a result of natural scientific principles

Popular Racism

People of imperial and colonial powers readily accepted racist views from their personal experience
Was mostly European Nations, U.S. and Japan
- President McKinley tortured enemies as an effort to "Cvilize and Christianize"
- 1890 Japanese newspapers portrayed chinese and koreas as dirty, stupid and cowarly
- Japan thought it was their obligation to oversee the affairs of its neighbors

Nationalism and Anticolonial Movements

Colonial rule provoked subject people to develop a sense of identity
The potential of colonialism pushed subjects toward nationalism was most evident in India

Ram Mohan Ray

He was an Indian elite
Argued for teh construction of a society based of modern science and indian tradition of Hinduism
Supported some British colonial polices and helped improve the status of Christian women
Published many newspapers to try and push social reform in colonial India
Reform Societies flourished, appleaing to mostly upper-caste India
Drew on European Enlightenment

The Indian National Congress

Founded in 1885 with British approval
Forum for educated Indians to communicate their views on public affairs
Most talked about grievances of poverty, transfer of wealth from India to Britain, and tariff polocies
By the end of the 19th century they open sought self-rule over India
1916 The congress joined forces with the All-Indian Muslim League
Gained independence in 1947

Germany Sim Group Page 2

Germany Sim Group Page

CHAPTER 33

THE BUILDING OF GLOBAL EMPIRES